The fire lane is a road for fire trucks to pass through when extinguishing a fire. The purpose of setting up the fire lane is to make the fire trucks reach the fire site smoothly in the event of a fire, and the firefighters quickly carry out the fire fighting, put out the fire in time, and minimize the casualties and fire losses.  
1. Requirements for setting up fire lanes for single-story and multi-story civil buildings, factories and warehouses  
1. When the length of the part along the street of the building exceeds 150m or the total length exceeds 220m, a fire lane through the building shall be provided.  
The buildings along the street should be provided with pedestrian passages connecting the street and the inner courtyard (stairwells can be used), and the distance between them should not exceed 80m  
2. Public buildings such as gymnasiums with more than 3,000 seats, halls with more than 2,000 seats, and exhibition halls with an area of ​​more than 3,000 square meters should be equipped with circular fire lanes.  
If the length of the short side of the closed inner courtyard of a building exceeds 24m, it is advisable to provide a fire lane to enter the inner courtyard.  
3. Factories and warehouses should be equipped with fire lanes. When a category A, B, and C factory building covers an area of ​​more than 3000 square meters or a category B or C warehouse covers an area of ​​more than 1500 square meters, a circular fire lane should be set up. If it is difficult, fire lanes can be set along its two long sides or a flat open space with a width of not less than 6 meters for fire trucks to pass.  
Circular fire lanes should be set around high-rise industrial buildings (high-bay warehouses).  
4. Inflammable and combustible material open-air storage area, liquefied petroleum gas storage tank area, Class A, B, and C liquid storage tank areas, there should be fire lanes or flat open spaces with a width of not less than 6m that can be passed by fire trucks.  
When the total storage capacity of a storage yard or storage tank area exceeds the requirements in Table 3.2.3.1, a circular fire lane or a flat open space with a width of not less than 6m and capable of passing fire trucks should be set up around it.  
5. The natural water sources and fire pools for fire trucks shall be provided with fire lanes.  
6. When the fire lane passes through the door opening of the building, its clear height and clear width shall not be less than 4m; the clear width between the door stacks shall not be less than 3.5m.  
7. The width of the fire lane should not be less than 3.5m. When there are obstacles such as pipe racks and trestle bridges over the road, the clear height should not be less than 4m.  
8. At least two circular fire lanes should be connected to other lanes. The end-type fire truck lane should be provided with a return lane or a return yard with an area of ​​not less than 12mX12m. The area of ​​the return yard for large fire trucks shall not be less than 15mX15m.  
The pipes and ditch under the fire lane should be able to withstand the pressure of a large fire truck.  
Fire lanes can use traffic roads.  
9. The fire lane should be as short as possible and should avoid level crossing with the railway. If level crossing is necessary, lanes should be used for equipment, and the distance between two lanes should not be less than the length of a train.

10. Multi-storey buildings do not need to set up circular fire lanes. As long as the fire truck can reach the building, fire hydrants need to be set up around the building. Indoor fire hydrants must meet the requirement of 15 meters.

2. Requirements for setting up fire lanes for high-rise civil buildings  
1. A circular fire lane should be set around high-rise civil buildings. When it is difficult to set up circular lanes, fire lanes can be set along the two long sides of high-rise civil buildings. When the length along the street of a high-rise civil building exceeds 150m or the total length exceeds 220m, a fire lane passing through the high-rise civil building should be set at a moderate position.  
2. High-rise civil buildings should be provided with pedestrian passages connecting the street and the inner courtyard, and the distance between the passages should not exceed 80m. In the inner courtyard or patio of a high-rise civil building, when the short side length exceeds 24m, it is advisable to provide a fire lane to enter the inner courtyard or patio.  
3. Fire lanes shall be provided for natural water sources and fire pools for fire trucks to take water.  
4. The width of the fire lane should not be less than 4m. The distance between the fire lane and the outer wall of high-rise civil buildings should be greater than 5m. When there are obstacles over the fire lane, the clearance between the road and the obstacles should not be less than 4m.  
5. The end-type fire lane should have a return lane or return yard, and the return yard should not be less than 15mX15m. The return yard of large fire trucks should not be smaller than 18mX18m. The pipes and ditch under the fire lane should be able to withstand the pressure of the fire truck.  
6. The clear width and clear height of the fire lane passing through high-rise civil buildings shall not be less than 4m.  
7. Between the fire lane and high-rise civil buildings, no trees or overhead pipelines that hinder the operation of ascending fire trucks should be arranged.

Fire protection design for residential buildings in small and medium-sized cities
In recent years, the amount of real estate development across the country has been increasing year by year, and large-scale developments in many small and medium-sized cities have begun to take shape. New communities with hundreds of thousands of square meters can be seen everywhere. There are multiple forms of split-storey residences, high-end villas, commercial and residential buildings, and high-rise residential buildings. The author discusses the general layout of residential buildings in small and medium-sized cities, fire-fighting water supply system and safe evacuation.

I. General layout

The general layout of the community’s fire control design mainly includes fire separation distances and fire lanes.
1. Fire separation distance. Generally speaking, in residential areas, taking into account the factors of sunshine, the distance between north and south is relatively large, and the main cause of insufficient fire separation distance is mostly east-west adjacent buildings. There are roughly the following situations: First, the fire separation distance between adjacent residential buildings is insufficient. Multi-storey adjacent residences with a fire separation distance of less than 6 meters can be arranged in groups in accordance with the relevant provisions of the "Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings". It can be designed with no less than 4 meters, or a firewall can be installed on the adjacent higher external wall. The second is that the residential buildings and the commercial buildings along the street are arranged vertically adjacent to each other, and the spacing is generally only 1 to 2 meters. In addition to designing the adjacent higher surface as a firewall, this type of building should also consider the adjacent door and window openings on the inner corners and outer walls. The spacing should not be less than the requirement of 4 meters. The third is the insufficient fire separation distance between single or multi-row villas. In this case, it can also be compared to the provisions of the group arrangement of residential buildings to make the distance not less than 4 meters, otherwise the adjacent higher external walls should be designed as firewalls. Fourth, the fire separation distance between high-rise residential buildings and multi-storey residential buildings is insufficient. There are two ways to deal with this situation. When the adjacent outer wall of the multi-storey residential building is a firewall, the fire resistance rating of the roof load-bearing components is not less than 1 hour, and the fire separation distance can be not less than 4 meters. ; When the adjacent outer wall of a high-rise residential building is a fire wall or the wall within the range of 15 meters or less higher than the roof of the adjacent building is a fire wall without doors and windows openings, the fire separation distance may not be limited. However, considering the ventilation and lighting of residential buildings, the above two methods are difficult to implement and have poor practicability.  

2. Fire lane. Fire lanes should be arranged in the small area. The fire lanes should be formed in a ring shape and the width should not be less than 3.5 meters. There should be at least two entrances and exits connected to the roads outside the community. The clear height and width of the entrances and exits should not be less than 4 meters. For multi-storey residential buildings, at least one long side shall be provided with a fire lane, and high-rise residential buildings shall be provided with a circular fire lane or along two long sides. In addition, the turning radius of the lane, the pipeline conditions on the lane, and the pressure resistance under the lane should also be fully considered.  

Two, fire water supply system

The fire-fighting water supply system of a residential area generally consists of outdoor fire hydrants, indoor fire hydrants, and automatic sprinkler systems.

1. Outdoor fire hydrant. Outdoor fire hydrants are the basic fire-fighting facilities that every residential area must have. The number of installations should be able to ensure that each building is within its protection radius. The location should be located next to the fire lane. Special attention should be paid to the main outlet of DN100 or DN150. The water outlet should be towards the fire lane so that the fire truck can get water. It should be avoided that outdoor fire hydrants are located in the center of the green island or where there is no fire lane.  

　　2. Indoor fire hydrant. Unit dwellings with more than 7 floors, tower dwellings with more than 6 floors, corridor dwellings, unit dwellings with commercial outlets on the ground floor, and all high-rise dwellings should be equipped with indoor fire hydrant systems, and water pump couplers should be installed in fire trucks for convenience At the place of operation, an outdoor fire hydrant should be installed within 15-40 meters from the water pump coupler, and the fire water tank, fire pump room and fire pool can be used in the community.  

3. Automatic sprinkler system. The setting of sprinkler systems in residential buildings is also not clearly stipulated, but considering that high-rise commercial and residential buildings with commercial parts on the ground floor, a fire at the bottom of the building will pose a greater threat to the upper residential buildings, and it is difficult to extinguish high-rise residential buildings. The author believes that it is necessary to set up automatic sprinkler systems for the commercial and underground and semi-underground garages of this type of building. Moreover, high-rise residential communities are mostly equipped with civil air defense projects. Fire pools and fire pump houses with automatic sprinkler systems are already provided. , Wet alarm valves and other infrastructure, adding part of the pipeline network investment is not large.  

Three, safe evacuation

The requirements for safe evacuation of multi-storey houses are relatively simple. The minimum width of evacuation stairs should not be less than 1.1 meters. For unit houses with no more than 6 floors, the minimum width of evacuation stairs with railings on one side can be no less than 1 meter.  

The "Code for Fire Protection Design of High-Rise Civil Buildings" stipulates that “adjacent units from the tenth floor of high-rise residential buildings should be provided with connected balconies or corridors”, the purpose is when an evacuation staircase is exposed to fire smoke during a fire During the blockade, the people in the building can reach another evacuation staircase through the adjacent unit for emergency evacuation. For small and medium-sized cities, high-rise residential buildings generally do not exceed 12 floors, and the building height is usually within 40 meters, that is, within the protection range of the fire-fighting ladder truck. The evacuation stairs of this type of building all lead to the roof. Concave corridors, residents must add anti-theft nets in consideration of anti-theft, which is not economical and affects the appearance, and it does not have much practical significance for safe evacuation.  

The "Code for Fire Protection Design of High-Rise Civil Buildings" stipulates that “doors of high-rise residential buildings should not directly open to the front room. When it is really difficult, some of the doors that open to the front room should be Class B fire doors.” In order to ensure the smoke and fire prevention effect of the smoke-proof stairwell, the front section stipulates that the door should not be opened to the front room, but the latter section has made relaxation regulations, and the scope of the relaxation is not clear enough, and it is more difficult to implement. For small and medium-sized cities, most residential buildings with front rooms are tower houses with one ladder and two households. If the doors of such buildings do not open to the front rooms, it is extremely difficult to arrange them, even if an independent front room is formed. Many doors are not conducive to normal use and safe evacuation. The author believes that if the floor of this type of building is not high (below 12 floors), when the door of the door adopts Class B fire door, the door can be opened to the front room. If there are more than three households on one ladder, or the floor is higher, in order to ensure the anti-smoke effect of the front room, the door should not open to the front room as much as possible. If it is really difficult, the door of the front room must not exceed the door of the floor. Half of it.